A Serial Killer Is A Person Who Kills Multiple People In

A serial killer is a person who kills multiple people in a certain manner, this might include raping, shooting, stabbing, choking, etc. Richard Trenton Chase, most known as â€Å"The Vampire of Sacramento† was an American, male serial killer who was responsible for the death of six people within a month in Sacramento, California. He was given the nickname of â€Å"vampire†; he was known for drinking his victims blood and even eat the remains. He was also guilty for going around neighborhoods and trying to open unlocked doors, claiming unlocked doors represented an invitation for the murderer to go in. It was also stated that he had a disturbing childhood which led him to become a sadistic and mental killer, also the cause for developing hypochondria†¦show more content†¦Chase would also hold oranges on top of his head claiming the brain would absorb the vitamin C. He was then diagnosed with schizophrenia and was put under observation, but was then released. Cha se killed his victims in a quite disturbing and inhumane way. His first victim was a 51-year-old, father of two, named Ambrose Griffin. Chase killed his victim in a drive-by shooting in front of his house while helping his wife with groceries. He would then attempt to enter a woman’s house two weeks later, but her doors were locked, causing Chase to walk away. His second victim was a pregnant woman, â€Å"Using the same gun he used to kill Griffin, he shot Teresa three times, killing her, then raped her corpse while stabbing her several times with a butcher knife. He then removed multiple organs, cut off one of the nipples and drank the blood. Before leaving, he collected dog feces from the yard and stuffed it into the victim s mouth and down her throat† (Montaldo, Thoughco). Chase committed his final murders by entering the home of a 38-year-old, he then shot the victims friend and rampaged through the house. He finally shot the victim’s 6-year-old son and 22-m onth-old nephew. Chase then engaged in necrophilia and cannibalism with the child’s corpses. Chase was a disorganized, sloppy serial killer. Evidence present in his clothing and the victims house led to his apprehension. He would also leave the murder scene byShow MoreRelatedSerial Killers And Murderers : How Can You Tell A Normal Person?844 Words   |  4 Pages2016 Serial Killers and Murderers How can you tell a normal person from a person who is chemically imbalanced? When you are walking in a crowd, do you ever wonder what is going on through these people’s minds? Who are they? Have they ever killed anyone? This is what we are going to talk about, the mind of a murderer. There are many types of murderers. There are mass murderers, spree killers, and serial killers. A mass murderer kills multiple people at one time in one place. A spree killer killsRead MoreSerial Murders And The Criminal Justice Field854 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Serial killings/murders/homicides has been a topic of fascination since even before the. Today, news and media, the psychological field, and the criminal justice field find serial killings intriguing because of the abnormality and unlikelihood of a serial homicide occurring and being linked to one person. Serial homicides are known to be multiple killings by the same killer over a time period- varies from months to years. â€Å" INSERT BOOK DEFINITION† Some of the most infamous serial killers knownRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Serial Killers1369 Words   |  6 Pagesmany different causes for people wanting to commit mass murder (serial killers), but these murders also affect the lives of many other people and their families. There are no positive effects when this happens, there are only negative effects on every person involved. The cause always starts with the serial killer, the victim never causes it. There are multiple effects on the serial killer, victim, the victim ’s family, and the community (Violent Loss). Many serial killers are created due to psychologicalRead MoreThe Murder Of Serial Killers1703 Words   |  7 PagesA grieving mother drapes herself over the casket of her deceased son. The 14 year old had fallen victim to one of the most infamous serial killers in history, Jeffrey Dahmer. Dahmer killed a total of 17 known victims, all between the ages of 14 and 33. In his most recent murders, he often resorted to necrophilia, cannibalism, and permanent preservation of body parts (â€Å"Jeffrey Dahmer Biography†). The mother looks at what is left of her son’s face, the face that once smiled to her every morning beforeRead MoreSerial Killers: Are They Born Or Made?. There Are Multiple1230 Words   |  5 PagesSerial Killers: Are They Born or Made? There are multiple theories as to why or how a person can become a serial killer. A serial killer can be a person who murders at least three or more people over a long period of time (Ramsland). Are serial killers born with the need to kill or is it a result of a horrific childhood? These two concepts are associated with the nature vs. nurture theory. â€Å"People on the side of nurture are of the opinion that our environment determines who a person is and becomes†Read MoreSerial Killers in Modern Society1558 Words   |  6 PagesSerial Killers in Modern Society Introduction For hundreds of years, serial killers have actually been a huge fascination all over the world. Even though society has an undeveloped idea as to what a serial killer is and how they function, there is much more to serial killers that people are probably unaware of. In spite of classic myths regarding serial killers which are displayed a lot in movies, this essay will recognize serial killers as irregular as the individual that utilizes various strategiesRead More The Psychology of Serial Killers Essay1687 Words   |  7 PagesThe Psychology of Serial Killers Many things today confuse, yet enthrall the masses. War, murder, medical science, incredible rescues, all things you would see on The History Channel. There is another topic that is also made into documentaries however, serial killers. Dark twisted people that commit multiple murders are of interest to the population, but what caused them to be this way. What horrible tragic set of events could twist a man to murder one or many people. Could Schizophrenia, psychopathyRead MoreEssay Are Serial Killers Born or Made?1560 Words   |  7 PagesMass Murderers† and â€Å"Inside the Minds of Serial Killers,† both written by Kathertine Ramsland, provide information and evidence that killers are in fact made, not born. Some of the reasons that people believe that killers are made and not born are due to research by many psychiatrists on serial killers and mass murderers who are on death roe that have committed some of the most heinous crimes. One argument is that there is a set o f factors that make people kill which are neurologic damage, abuse, andRead MoreRhetorical Analysis : Dexter 1219 Words   |  5 PagesRhetorical analysis. If you have ever been interested in the world of why serial killers kill, chances are you have done some research or even watched the insanely popular television show Dexter. â€Å"Dexter Morgan is a Forensics Expert, a loyal brother, boyfriend, and friend. That s what he seems to be, but that s not what he really is. Dexter Morgan is a Serial Killer that hunts the bad. (TV.com)† Dexter is a serial killer yet he works for the Miami Police Department in blood spatter forensics, becauseRead MoreThe Traits of a Serial Killer Present in James Clayton Vaughn Jr966 Words   |  4 Pagescharacteristics that correlated to the serial killer he was. One may ponder what creates a serial killer and what exactly a serial killer is. There are many things that define a serial killer’s psyche antisocialism being one of the many. Moreover, Vaughn claimed to have certain compulsions that made him complete tasks that he ordinarily would not do which demonstrated him to have obsessive co mpulsive disorder. Another characteristic Vaughn displayed that he and his fellow serial killers shared were their psychopathic

The Rwandan Genocide - 2566 Words

The Rwandan Genocide (1994) Name Grade Course Tutor’s Name Date Outline: 1. Introduction A. Definition of genocide B. Overview of the genocide 2. The Historical Rivalry between Hutu and Tutsi A. Background of Hutu and Tutsi B. Effect of the West in Rwanda 3. The Massacre A. The mass killings B. The Perpetrators C. Women and Children in the genocide 4. The Aftermath A. Tutsi Government B. Economic Recovery C. Physical and Psychological effects 5. Conclusion A. Personal Opinion B. Recommendations Introduction The genocide concept comprised two words, genos, a Greek word meaning tribe or race and cide a Latin word meaning killing of pointed out by Polish Jurist Raphael Lemkin.†¦show more content†¦The most astonishing thing is the number of lives that were lost in such a span of time (Akresh 4). What triggered the genocide is when Juvenal Habyarimana, the Rwandan president died on sixth April nineteen ninety four in a shooting that happened in Kigali Airport. This wave of violence spread drastically in all places of the country. The Hutus being the perpetrators of the massacre, wanted to wipe away the Tutsi (Mamdani 3). However, could the death of President Juvenal Habyarimana be the cause of such a dreaded massacre? This paper will explore the historical rivalry of the Hutu and Tutsi communities, the motive of the genocide, the role of the media and the international community and the aftermath of the massacre. In my opinion, I must declare that it I unavoidably di fficult to discuss the Rwandan genocide without raising the deepest emotions, a cry for humanity. The Historical Rivalry between Hutu and Tutsi The ethnic rivalry that existed in Rwanda before the genocide between the majority who are the Hutus and the minority as the Tutsi was evident since the colonial times. Traditionally, the Hutus were farmers while the Tutsis were herdsmen. However, the distinction between the two tribes not very clear since they are hard to distinguish as their culture and language is the same. There has occurred intermarriages between the two ethnic tribes and this also made them hard to distinguish. Tutsis valued land for the sake of their livestockShow MoreRelatedThe Genocide Of The Rwandan Genocide Essay1711 Words   |  7 PagesThe Rwandan Genocide took place in 1994 and involved members of the Hutu mass killing Tutsi and Tutsi sympathizers who were Hutu. The genocide resulted in the deaths of around 800,000 people, majority Tutsi. The separation of cl asses came from Belgian internationals creating the two ethnic classes and giving power to the Tutsi who were taller and had lighter skin, and generally appeared more European. In response to this, after the country gained independence from Belgium, Hutu extremists gatheredRead MoreThe Rwandan Genocide And The Genocide1654 Words   |  7 PagesMiranda Shearer Mrs. Sohal/ Mrs. Love Period 3 17 October 2014 The Rwandan Genocide A genocide is defined as the deliberate killing of a group of people, especially of a certain ethnicity. By that definition and almost any other a dictionary could define, the killing of the Tutsis was certainly a genocide.The Rwandan Genocide occurred in 1994, in an African country called Rwanda. A long history of building friction between the Hutus and the Tutsis undeniably caused the mass murder of over 800,000Read MoreThe Genocide Of The Rwandan Genocide1421 Words   |  6 PagesThe Rwanda Genocide was an unfortunate case where thousands of deaths could have been prevented, but because of irresponsibility and selfishness of global governments’ innocent lives were lost. The Genocide began on April 6, 1994 and was, â€Å"initiated by the Hutu political elite and extremists and its military support, their prime targets were the Tutsi, as well as Hutu moderates.† (Hain 2) The Hutu made up majority of the population and government officials and enforced a government-ass isted militaryRead MoreThe Rwandan Genocide Essay959 Words   |  4 PagesThe problems of today can often be traced in the beginnings of yesterday. The Rwandan Genocide was a divisive division of two groups that culminated in the mass murder of nearly 500,000 Rwandans, three-fourths of the population. The tactful subterfuge by the ruling party fueled the separation of two ethnic groups that reminisce the events in Europe 55 years earlier. Naturally, the question becomes, how? Simply speaking it was the indifference of global elites and political demagoguery that incitedRead MoreThe Rwandan Genocide And The Genocide866 Words   |  4 PagesThe Rwandan genocide occurred during the period of April to July of 1994. This genocide was as a result of the Hutu ethnic majority slaughtering the Tutsi minority. During this period as much as 800,000 Tutsis were killed. The genocide was started by Hutu extremists in the capital of Kigali and the genocide soon spread across the country. Despi te all of this there were several survivors of the genocide. Immaculee Ilibagiza is one of those people. Immaculee Ilibagiza was born in 1972. She is theRead MoreThe Rwandan Genocide1335 Words   |  5 PagesRwanda is a country made up of a population with three ethnic communities, the two main communities, the Hutu and Tutsi and an additional community of Twa (or pygmies) who all spoke the same language, Kinyarwanda or Rwandan (Clapham, 1998). There is a stereotype of appearance attributed to these two main communities, with Tutsi being seen as tall and having an aquiline shaped nose, and the Hutu as being short and flat-nosed (Clapham, 1998). In the pre-colonial state of Rwanda, it was the TutsisRead MoreThe Genocide Of The Rwandan Genocide2458 Words   |  10 PagesGenocide has been plaguing the world for hundreds of years. Millions of innocent lives have been taken all for the sake of prejudice. One of the most atrocious aspects of genocide is that a large percentage of them are sponsored by the state in which they are taking place. Over the years scholars have studied just wha t motivates a state to engage in such awful behavior. What motivates them? Why would they do such horrendous things to their own citizens? Is it solely for some economic incentive, orRead MoreThe Genocide Of The Rwandan Genocide Essay2042 Words   |  9 Pagespeople that commit genocide; we are all capable of it. It’s our evolutionary history† (James Lovelock). According to the Oxford dictionary, genocide is defined as â€Å"the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular nation or ethnic group.† Although it may be hard to believe, genocides have occurred all over the world and all throughout time. There have been well documented genocides such as the Holocaust. Additionally, there have also been genocides that have barelyRead MoreThe Rwandan Genocide1188 Words   |  5 PagesRwandan Genocide The Rwandan Genocide began on April 6, 1994 and lasted for about 100 days (History). The two groups involved, the Hutus and Tutsis, were in a massive conflict after their president was killed. The Hutus brutally killed about 800,000 Tutsis and supporters. This tragic genocide was not stopped by other countries during its peak, leaving the world wondering why. As we commemorate the 20th anniversary of the Rwandan Genocide, it is important to be informed about the tragedy. The wayRead MoreThe Rwandan Genocide And The Genocide1637 Words   |  7 PagesWith over eight hundred thousand to one million deaths, the Rwandan genocide is undoubtedly one of the most sad and shocking examples of the lack of intervention by not only the US and the UN, but by other countries as well. The ongoing tensions between the Hutu, the largest population in Rwanda, and the Tutsi, the smaller and more elite population is what eventually lead to the Rwandan genocide. The killings began quickly after President Habyarimana s plane was shot down. After hundreds of thousands

Elizabethan Age Essay Research Paper The Elizabethan free essay sample

Elizabethan Age Essay, Research Paper The Elizabethan Age underwent a go oning crisis of faith that was marked by a intensifying polarisation of idea between the protagonists of the late established Protestant Church and the larger figure of disciples to the Roman Catholic religion. Of these latter, Edmund Campion may be taken as the original. Well known as an Englishman who fled to the Continent for scruples # 8217 ; s interest, he returned to England as a Jesuit priest, was executed by the English authorities in 1581 and was canonized by the Roman Catholic Church in 1970. It has been observed that the writer of the Shakespeare plays displays a considerable understanding and acquaintance with the patterns and beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church.i The purpose here is to demo a nexus between this English Catholic leader and the author of the play, Twelfth Night, as revealed by allusions to Edmund Campion in Act IV, scene two of that drama. A Brief Outline of Campion # 8217 ; s Life Though Edmund Campion ( 1540-1581 ) was a bookman at Oxford University under the backing of Queen Elizabeth I # 8217 ; s tribunal favourite, Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, Campion # 8217 ; s surveies of divinity, church history, and the church male parents led him off from the places taken by the Church of England. From Campion # 8217 ; s point of position, to fulfill the new orthodoxy of the Church of England, a reconstructionist reading of church history was being set Forth, one confab he found hard to accommodate with what he really found in the Hagiographas of those male parents [ 2 ] . Had the head covering been swept off? Were St. Augustine and St. John Chrysostom truly Anglicans instead than Roman Catholics? Or were the church governments paring their canvass to the exigencies of temporal policy? Questions such as these dogged Silene, and finally his place at Oxford became indefensible since he could non do the appropriate gestures of attachment to the established church [ 3 ] . Alternatively, Campion retreated from Oxford to Dublin in 1569, where he drew less attending and enjoyed the protection of Sir Henry Sidney, Lord Deputy for Ireland, and the backing of Sir James Stanihurst, Speaker of the Irish House of Commons, who planned to hold Campion take part in the initiation of what was to go Trinity College in Dublin [ 4 ] . During this period a figure of important events took topographic point. In 1568, the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots, was driven from her kingdom into England, where she came under the protection and detention of the English Crown. Immediately after came the rebellion of the northern Earls of Northumberland and Westmoreland in the winter of 1569, who sought to put Mary on the English throne. Then, in the spring of 1570, Pope Pius V issued a hull excommunicating Queen Elizabeth and let go ofing her topics from their duty of obeisance to her. After the decease of Pius V, an enquiry to Rome sing this bull elicited the response that # 8220 ; every bit long as the Queen [ Elizabeth ] remained de facto swayer, it was lawful for Catholics to obey her in civil affairs and cooperate in all merely things # 8230 ; that it was improper for any private individual, non have oning unvarying and authorized to make so as an act of war, to murder any tyrant whatsoever, unless the autocrat, for illustr ation, had invaded his state in weaponries # 8221 ; ( Waugh, p. 94-95 ) In short, English Catholics were rejoined to follow the way of Sir Thomas More, being the Crown # 8217 ; s loyal retainer in all affairs save faith. However, as Waugh concedes, # 8220 ; It was possible to infer from this determination that the [ English ] Catholics were a organic structure of possible Rebels, who merely waited for foreign invasion to declare themselves. This was the sense in which [ William ] Cecil [ Lord Treasurer and the Queen s most sure council member ] read it, for he was loath to acknowledge the possibility of anyone being both a loyal Englishman and an opposition of his government ( Waugh p. 95 ) . The English authorities so enacted Torahs more restrictive to English Catholics. In 1570, the twelvemonth of the Papal Bull, it was made an act of high lese majesty, punishable by decease, to convey into the state # 8220 ; any bull, composing, or instrument obtained from the Bishop of Rome # 8221 ; or # 8220 ; to shrive or accommodate # 8221 ; any of the Queen # 8217 ; s topics to the Bishop of Rome ( Waugh p. 117 ) . In this atmosphere even Dublin became unsafe for Campion. He fled Ireland for Belgium in June of 1572, geting at the English College founded by exiled English Catholics in Douai. The following twelvemonth he went on to Rome to fall in the Society of Jesus. After developing in Vienna, he became Professor of Rhetoric at the new Jesuit University in Prague, where he was ordained a priest in the Society of Jesus in 1578 ( Waugh p. 81-84 ) . It was in Prague in 1580 that he received the call to return to England to curate to English Catholics ( More p.72-73 ) . During his ministry, which lasted from the summer of 1580 to the summer of 1581, Campion traveled from town to town in camouflage, go throughing via an belowground web of English Catholics, offering the Mass and other Church sacraments to Catholics. He was arrested in the town of Lyford by English governments, with the aid of a paid source, in July 1581, and conveyed to the Tower of London [ 5 ] . Since his ministry had attracted a great trade of public attending, the authorities ab initio made an attempt to carry Campion to abandon his religion. Failing that, it made a 2nd attempt to discredit him. Four times in September, Campion was brought from his keep in the Tower for public # 8220 ; conferences, # 8221 ; at which bookmans and reverends stand foring the Crown and the Church of England disputed with him in an attempt to outdo him intellectually. William Cecil ( Lord Burghley ) and First Secretary Sir Francis Walsingham, Burghley # 8217 ; s spymaster, besides sought to defile Campion with the coppice of lese majesty by keeping that the primary end of his mission was to motivate the English to arise against Queen Elizabeth and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots. While Campion # 8217 ; s ministry was in itself, by English jurisprudence, sufficient for the decease punishment ( in that he offered Mass and heard confessions ) , the authorities preferred to demo that his ministry besides involved stirring English Catholics to rebellion. Finally, on November 20th, a test was held in which Campion and seven other Catholics taken with him were charged with lese majesty. Suitable informants endeavored to do the label of treasonist stick ; the test ended in a guilty finding of fact, and Campion was executed by hanging at Tyburn on December 1, 1581 [ 6 ] [ 7 ] . Twelfth Night and Edmund Campion The allusions to Campion are found in a individual scene # 8211 ; Act four, Scene two in which Feste the Clown disguises himself as # 8220 ; Sir Topas the Curate # 8221 ; to harangue the unfortunate Malvolio, who has been shut up in a basement as a moonstruck as the consequence of buffooneries engineered by Feste, Sir Toby Belch and Maria. In the undermentioned address by Feste to Maria and Sir Toby, the Campion allusions are highlighted in bold face. Clown: Bonos dies, Sir Toby: for, as the old anchorite of Prague, that neer saw pen and ink, really wittily said to a niece of King Gorboduc, # 8220 ; That that is is # 8221 ; ; so I, being master Parson, am master Parson ; for, what is # 8220 ; that # 8221 ; but # 8220 ; that # 8221 ; ; and # 8220 ; is # 8221 ; but # 8220 ; is # 8221 ; ? ( IV.ii.15-19 ) [ 8 ] In this address of less than 50 words, which appears to resemble nil but buffoonish bunk, there are no less than five phrases which refer straight to Edmund Campion and his 158O-81 mission to England. The old anchorite of Prague: Praha was Campion # 8217 ; s last assignment before his mission to England ; so, about six of his less than nine old ages on the Continent were spent in Prague. He may be thought of as a anchorite in either of two ways in that anchorites were holy work forces who sought purdah in their pursuit for sanctity, or that Campion # 8217 ; s stay in Prague was considered to be an expatriate non merely from England but from Englishmen. Waugh notes that, while at Prague, # 8220 ; the lone Englishmen with whom he appears to hold had any contact ( besides Father Ware, who was at the college with him ) , is Philip Sidney [ boy of the former Lord Deputy for Ireland ] , who arrived in 1576 as English Ambassador to compliment the Emperor Rudolph on his sequence # 8221 ; ( Waugh p. 81-82 ) . Never saw pen and ink: This refers to an episode which occurred in the # 8220 ; conference # 8221 ; of September 24, 1581, the 3rd of four such conferences, in which Campion was opposed by one Master Fulke: # 8220 ; If you dare, allow me demo you Augustine and Chrysostom, # 8221 ; he [ Campion ] cried at one minute, # 8220 ; if you dare. # 8221 ; Fulke: # 8220 ; Whatever you can convey, I have answered already in composing against others of your side. And yet if you think you can add anything, put it in composing and I will reply it. # 8221 ; Silene: # 8220 ; Supply me with ink and paper and I will write. # 8221 ; Fulke: # 8220 ; I am non to supply you ink and paper. # 8221 ; Silene: # 8220 ; I mean, secure me that I may hold autonomy to write. # 8221 ; Fulke: # 8220 ; I know non for what cause you are restrained of that autonomy, and hence I will non take upon me to secure it. # 8217 ; 7 Silene: # 8220 ; Sue to the Queen that I may hold autonomy to oppose. I have been now thrice opposed. It is ground that I should oppose once. # 8221 ; Fulke: # 8220 ; I will non go a suer for you. # 8221 ; ( Allen 15 ) In this exchange, we see that Campion, holding been deprived of the agencies of fixing a defence, such as entree to books incorporating the instructions of St. Augustine and St. John Chrysostom, seizes upon Fulke # 8217 ; s evident offer of composing stuffs. Fulke instantly realizes that the has made a tactical mistake, for the authorities # 8217 ; s program in no manner involves supplying Campion with the agencies to compose, since much of Campion # 8217 ; s success ballad in his Hagiographas. First there had been an expounding and account of his mission, written by Campion in the summer of 1580 instantly after geting in England, which circulated throughout the state in handwritten transcripts, yet comes down in history under the dry rubric of # 8220 ; Campion # 8217 ; s Brag.77 In it, Campion disavows any political facet to his ministry. Then a book bearing the name Ten Reasons was published by an belowground Catholic imperativeness ( Edwards p. 19 ) . It foremost appeared at the Oxford University Commencement of June 27, 1581, holding been sneakily placed on the benches of the church at which the exercisings took topographic point. In the exchange quoted above, Campion obviously had bested Fulke in their conflict of marbless, for Fulke denies Campion the wherewithal to compose even though he himself had challenged Campion to make so. However, it may be said of Campion with good ground that he # 8220 ; Never saw pen and ink. # 8221 ; Niece of King Gorboduc: Gorboduc was a fabulous King of England and the topic of an early Elizabethan drama by Norton and Sackville [ 9 ] . Since the drama contains no function for a # 8220 ; niece, # 8221 ; the allusion is non to be found in the text. Let us look at the issue from another point of position: did Queen Elizabeth I have an uncle who can be identified as a # 8220 ; fabulous King of England? # 8221 ; Arthur, Prince of Wales, was the first boy of King Henry VII and older brother to Elizabeth # 8217 ; s male parent, Henry VIII. This prince would hold become # 8220 ; King Arthur # 8221 ; except that he died before his male parent, who was succeeded alternatively by the younger brother, Henry. If you are seeking the niece of a fabulous King of England, the niece of a possible King Arthur might make. A 2nd possible nexus between Elizabeth and the # 8220 ; niece to King Gorboduc # 8221 ; may be found through one of the playwrights, Thomas Sackville, Lord Buckhurst, and subsequently 1st Earl of Dorset. The male parent of Lord Buckhurst, Sir Richard Sackville, had been a first cousin to Anne Boleyn, Queen Elizabeth # 8217 ; s mother [ 10 ] . Given the preference of people of the clip for impreciseness in denominating household relationships ( cousin, uncle or niece was taken to intend about any blood relationship ) , it is non farfetched to see Queen Elizabeth I to be a # 8220 ; niece # 8221 ; of one of the writers of King Gorboduc. # 8220 ; That that is is # 8221 ; : Spoken by the Hermit of Prague, this is taken as a spiritual avowal, merely as Campion # 8217 ; s mission to England was a spiritual avowal. The reconstructed church history that Campion was expected to encompass at Oxford was, from the Catholic point of view, a denial of world, and his mission was to confirm the truth in the face of official displeasure. On a deeper degree, this could be an allusion to one of the most profound transitions in the Old Testament, in which the Lord, talking to Moses ( who had asked what name he should give for the Lord ) declares, # 8220 ; I am that I am. # 8221 ; [ 11 ] . This may be interpreted as, # 8220 ; Because I exist, I exist, # 8221 ; which really neatly identifies the topic # 8220 ; I # 8221 ; in scholastic logic. In other words, all that exists owes its being to a separate Creator, save one, the Creator of all, who is the beginning of all being, even his ain. The Hermit of Prague is non the Creator ; therefore, he renders the phrase in the 3rd individual, declaring that God Is, because He Is ; he owes his being to no earthly bureau, surely to no King or Queen. To such a Person, Campion owes a higher commitment than his commitment to the Crown. Thus, # 8220 ; That that is is # 8221 ; is the kernel of Campion # 8217 ; s place counterpart his God and his Queen. Master Parson: Robert Persons was a fellow Jesuit who traveled with Campion from Rome to France ; the two separated to come in England and, for grounds of security, pursued their ministries in England separately, run intoing each other on occasion. Persons, sometimes referred to as Parsons and a former Oxford schoolmate of Campion # 8217 ; s, was in charge of the Jesuit mission to England, including the clandestine imperativeness that was used to put forth the Catholic place until its gaining control [ 12 ] . Persons continued his ministry within and without England for several decennaries after Campion # 8217 ; s decease. The allusions referred to here should non be thought of every bit topical in being timely mentions from which the theatrical audience would be expected to acknowledge and pull delectation. Surely, events during 1580-1581 would no longer be seasonably in 1602, the first production of Twelfth Night, as noted in Manningham # 8217 ; s journal. Furthermore, sing the official attitude toward Campion and his fellow Jesuits, infixing sympathetic allusions to Campion into a drama would hold been rather hazardous during the 1580s, and would stay so good into the following century. However, one would hold needed specific background cognition about the Campion state of affairs to acknowledge the allusions, and by 1602, most of the principals in the gaining control, question and test of Campion # 8211 ; including Lord Burghley, Sir Francis Walsingham, and the Earl of Leceister # 8211 ; were deceased. Others, such as Anth ony Munday, would non hold been admitted to a private public presentation at the Middle Temple intended for members and their invitees. Further, we should non anticipate that the Queen would be in attending at an Inns of Court public presentation. ( This is deduced from the historical record of the Gorboduc public presentations, in which the Inner Temple public presentation was followed by a 2nd public presentation at tribunal. ) I think alternatively that the allusions were intended for descendants, and were written into the text in the hope that the drama would some twenty-four hours look in print. It should besides be recognized that the allusions to Edmund Campion have small bearing on word pictures and allusions outside their immediate context. Therefore, Malvolio is identified as a Protestant, specifically as a Puritan, earlier in the drama ( II.iii.151-56 ) , but in the Campion allusions, he figures as a Catholic priest. This is non a contradiction since the audience for the drama was non expected to hear the Campion allusions. Indeed, it could hold boded ailment for the dramatist had they done so. On one degree, the playwright may hold been utilizing the Malvolio character as a imitation of the courtier Christopher Hatton, as some have proposed. For one scene, nevertheless, the writer has Malvolio imprisoned and sees the chance for infixing something he has been stamp downing for decennaries: his resentment over the test and executing of one he saw as an guiltless adult male. The mean audience member was expected to take the allusions as theatrical bunk and so to bury app roximately them as the following address was delivered. Further Allusions to Campion in Act Four, Scene Two Having established the allusions to St. Edmund Campion in the Clown # 8217 ; s opening address ( IV.ii.5-12 ) , the tenor of the balance of the scene, in the context of Campion # 8217 ; s imprisonment, becomes evident. The Clown is seen presuming the function of the erudite adult male to challenge with the captive, merely as work forces of larning brought Silene to challenge at the aforesaid conferences. The playwright # 8217 ; s attitude is revealed early on by Sir Toby, as the Clown, presenting as Sir Topas the Curate, begins his brush with the captive: Sir Toby: The Knave forgeries good, a good rogue. ( IV.ii.21-22 ) Therefore is established at the beginning that the dramatist regards the conference to be held, like the conferences Campion was brought to, as a fake, a forgery, with a rogue sitting as a erudite adult male moving as the tester. # 8220 ; Sir Topas # 8221 ; returns to cover with Malvolio as a adult male possessed and in demand of dispossession, even though, as the Clown, he knows full good that Malvolio, whatever his mistakes might be, is neither insane nor obsessed. Clown: Out, hyperbolical monster! How vesext 1000 this adult male! Talkest 1000 nil but of ladies? ( IV.ii.29-30 ) The sarcasm in the drama now develops to fit that of the Campion conferences, where Silene was called upon to accede to facts which, from his point of position as a bookman and a Catholic, were non facts at all. Malvolio: Good Sir Topas, do non believe I am huffy. They have laid me here in horrid darkness. Clown: Fie, 1000 dishonest Satan! # 8230 ; Say # 8217 ; st thou that house is dark? Malvolio: As snake pit, Sir Topas. Clown: Why, it hath bay Windowss transparent as barricadoes # 8230 ; Malvolio: I am non huffy, Sir Topas. I say to you, this house is dark. Clown: Madman, 1000 errest. I say, there is no darkness but ignorance, in which thou art more puzzl # 8217 ; vitamin D than the Egyptians in their fog. ( IV.ii.33-48 ) Next the playwright shows us the dishonesty of the state of affairs from his ain position. Malvolio asks for a trial of his clarity, and the Clown asks a inquiry, to which Malvolio gives what would be, to any Christian bookman, the right reply in footings of the instructions of their religion. Malvolio: # 8230 ; Make the test of it in any changeless inquiry. Clown: What is the sentiment of Pythagoras refering wild poultry? Malvolio: That the psyche of our grandam might haply populate a bird. Clown: What think # 8217 ; st 1000 of his sentiment? Malvolio: I think nobly of the psyche, and no manner O.K. his sentiment. Clown: Menu thee good. Remain thou still in darkness. Thou shalt keep Thursday # 8217 ; sentiment of Pythagoras ere I will let of thy marbless # 8230 ; ( IV.ii.52-63 ) Therefore, instead than keeping the Christian instruction of the Resurrection on the last twenty-four hours, the Clown chides Malvolio for non continuing the heathen instruction of Pythagoras refering the transmigration of psyches. Likewise, Campion, foremost during his yearss at Oxford and so at his conferences, was expected to supply replies which, by his position, were unlogical and untenable, but which accorded with the demands of the political powers of the twenty-four hours. The dramatist therefore demonstrates for us a universe turned upside down, with buffoons go throughing themselves off as work forces of acquisition, while work forces of larning such as Campion are pressed to deny what they believe to be true to function political terminals. I think the playwright # 8217 ; s sentiment about such proceedings is revealed early on in the scene, when the Clown Dons an academic gown for his caricature of Sir Topas: Clown: Well, I # 8217 ; ll set it on, and I will feign my ego in # 8217 ; t, and I would I were the first that of all time dissembled in such a gown ( IV.ii.5-7 ) Campion # 8217 ; s Innocence or Guilt As noted earlier, the English authorities wanted to convict Campion non for his faith but for lese majesty against the Crown ; specifically, for plotting the blackwash or overthrow of Queen Elizabeth I. Despite oppugning tonss of informants under duress, they were unable to demo any faithless facet in Campion # 8217 ; s address, composing or activities during his English ministry. The first indictment drawn up against Campion stated that he # 8220 ; did faithlessly feign to hold power to shrive the topics of the said Queen from their natural obeisance to her stateliness, # 8221 ; with a clean infinite left farther down the indictment for the name of a prosecution informant who had been absolved as stated ( Waugh p. 206-207 ) . No suited informant could be found to attest against Campion to this consequence, nevertheless, and so this count of the indictment was dropped. Finally, informants were obtained, the head being Anthony Munday, a journeyman author and traveller who had presented himself to expatriate English Catholics as a co-religionist. He accused Campion of holding formed a confederacy in Rome and Rheims in 1580 to assassinate Queen Elizabeth, to promote a foreign Catholic invasion and besides foment a rebellion of English Catholics. The grounds brought Forth to back up these charges has been found desiring by the Dictionary of National Biography and The Encyclopedia Britannica. [ 13 ] Campion # 8217 ; s ain Hagiographas deny such a charge. In the antecedently mentioned Campion # 8217 ; s Brag he is # 8220 ; purely forbidden # 8230 ; to cover in any regard with affair of State or Policy # 8221 ; ( Waugh p. 236 ) . Simpson reports that Campion # 8220 ; determined, hence, every bit far as he m ight, to restrict himself to the simply spiritual facets of the contention # 8230 ; and to decline to do himself an umpire between two high postulating parties so far above him as Pope and Queen # 8221 ; ( Simpson p. 274 ) . Religious Attitudes in Twelfth Night If the transition cited alludes to Edmund Campion, one must besides inquire in what spirit is the allusion to be taken: as testimonial or mockery. To decently reply the inquiry, we should analyze the spiritual propensities of the writer indicated elsewhere in the drama every bit good as in the other Shakespeare dramas. Mutschmann and Wentersdorf see that # 8220 ; Sir Topas, # 8221 ; the airs of the clown Feste in the scene, # 8220 ; is of the same cast as other Protestant curates in Shakespeare # 8217 ; s dramas and was conceived with the calculated purpose of making an undignified and farcical feeling # 8221 ; ( 329 ) . The steward Malvolio, supporter of the drama, is portrayed as a Puritan with # 8220 ; overweening # 8221 ; pride, and given to amour propre and foppery # 8211 ; all in the most uncomplimentary spirit. In contrast, the priest who in secret marries Sebastian and Olivia, while looking merely in scenes IV.iii and V.i with a individual address, is depicted as pers on we can confide in with complete trust. Indeed, the full play is steeped in sympathy toward the Catholic religion. The amusing knight Sir John Falstaff is besides cited ( Mutschmann and Wentersdorf p. 345-349 ) as being a imitation of the Puritan type, taking a licentious life but numbering himself among the saved. Significantly, the original name given to the character was Sir John Oldcastle, a fifteenth century Lollard who was executed during the reign of Henry V. The writer was obviously compelled by authorization, in response to expostulations by Oldcastle # 8217 ; s posterities, to alter the character # 8217 ; s name to that of Falstaff. Interestingly, a rival drama, Sir John Oldcastle, written by the same Anthony Munday who testified against Campion, was staged in 1599 and portrayed the historical figure of Oldcastle in a much more favourable visible radiation. Yet this same Munday is regarded as the writer of the drama, Sir Thomas More, which offers a extremely favourable portrayal of this Catholic martyr [ 14 ] . ( In the drama, More is condemned for declining to impart his signature to certain unspecified articles ; historically, these constituted King Henry # 8217 ; s Act of Supremacy, leting them to presume supreme power over the Church in England. ) Whether Munday wrote the drama as writer or scribe has been the topic of much argument [ 15 ] . One must reason that Munday # 8217 ; s part to Sir Thomas More as writer or scribe was made when Munday was an evident Catholic, before his testimony against Edmund Campion Indeed, Munday # 8217 ; s later publications, including a booklet which detailed the executing of Edmund Campion and his comrades, were sharply anti-Catholic. Silene and Gorboduc The historical record offers other links between Gorboduc and the Campion allusions in Twelfth Night. There is the happenstance with the rubric of the latter drama, for Gorboduc originally was intended for a individual public presentation on Twelfth Night ; that is, January 6, 1562 [ 16 ] . A 2nd public presentation was given at Whitehall at the bid of the Queen, on January 12, 1562. ( The original public presentation of Gorboduc took topographic point in the Inner Temple, one of the four Inns of Court in London. ) Unusually, the lone known public presentation of TN during its writer # 8217 ; s life-time was at another Inn, the Middle Temple, as reported by Manningham in his journal: # 8220 ; At our banquet we had a drama called Twelve Night, or What You Will # 8221 ; ( Neilson and Hill p. 279 ) . Such a public presentation would hold been a private one, limited to those connected with the Middle Temple or invited by its members. Yet another happenstance relates to one of the playwrights of Gorboduc # 8212 ; Thomas Norton, listed in the original edition of 1565 as the writer of Acts l-III ( Cauthen p. xxix ) . Norton played a outstanding function on the English authorities # 8217 ; s behalf in the suppression of Catholics, going in 1579 every bit far as Rome, where he sought out detrimental information about English Catholics life in the metropolis. In 1581, he was one of the commissioners at the test of Edmund Campion. The undermentioned twelvemonth he complained to Sir Francis Walsingham about the moniker, # 8220 ; Rackmaster General, # 8221 ; that was being applied to him for his portion in tormenting Catholics ( Simpson p. 266 ; Cauthen p. 80 ) . Reasoning Ideas During the Feast of the Epiphany in Elizabethan times, which took topographic point on January 6 and was normally known as Twelfth Day, gifts were exchanged in memorialization of the gifts of the Magi. It was a vacation of banqueting, jubilation and revelry. This is the tradition normally associated with the beginning of the name of the drama Twelfth Night. On the other manus, if the dramatist had allusions to Edmund Campion in head, so a covert significance for the rubric could hold been intended. In this respect, one should remember the spirit associated with these revelries: that nil is what it seems ; that significances are turned inside out. To cite Feste: # 8220 ; Nothing that is so is so # 8221 ; ( IV.ii.9 ) . Possibly this spirit explains the paradox of a drama which, on the face of it, is a rambunctious, frolicing comedy, yet besides contains allusions to that fatal clip of Campion # 8217 ; s mission, and so serving as the dramatist # 8217 ; s Ave Atque Vale for this tra gic figure of the period. Notes 1. H. Mutschmann and K. Wentersdorf, Shakespeare and Catholicism. 1969. 16-21, 329-351. Roland M. Frye, Shakespeare and Cristian Doctrine. 1963. Hugh R Williamson, The Day Shakespeare Died. London, 1962. 11-25. 2. Henry More, The Elizabethan Jesuits: Historia Missionis Anglicanae Societatis Jesu ( 1660 ) . Trans. Francis Edwards, SJ. London, 1981. 43. 3. Evelyn Waugh, Edmund Campion. London, 1946. 4. Dictionary of National Biography. Eds. Sir L. Stephen and Sir S. Lee. Oxford, 1921. III, 851. 5. William Cardinal Allen, A Brief History of the Glorious Martyrdom of the 12 Revenend Priests: Fr. Edmund Campion and his Companions. 1584. Ed. H. Pollen, SJ. London, 1908. 10. 6. Francis Edwards, SJ, The Jesuits in England: from 1580 to the Present Day. Kent, 1985. 20. 7. Richard Simpson, Edmund Campion. London, 1848. 279-313. 8. All citations of Shakespeare are taken from The Complete Plays and Poems of William Shakespeare. Eds. W A. Neilson and C.J. Hill. 1942. 279. 9. Thomas Sackville and Thomas Norton, Gorboduc, or Ferrex and Porrex. 1565. Ed. Irby B. Cauthen Jr. Regents Renaissance Drama Series.1970. three. 10. DNB, XVII, 585-589. 11. Exodus, III, 14 ( King James ) . The phrase # 8220 ; I am that I am # 8221 ; besides appears in Shakespeare # 8217 ; s sonnet 121, a peculiarly affecting poetry about a good adult male unjustly perceived as an evil individual. # 8220 ; Tis better to be despicable than vile esteemed # 8230 ; # 8221 ; 12. The name # 8220 ; Persons, # 8221 ; sometimes rendered as # 8220 ; Parsons # 8221 ; in Hagiographas of the twenty-four hours, was pronounced with something of a Irish swing, the first syllable riming with # 8220 ; fair. # 8221 ; Harmonizing to Simpson ( 387 ) , # 8220 ; Pearsons # 8221 ; might good stand as a modern rendition of the name. Besides see DNB, III, 851. 13. DNB, III, 850-854 ; The Encylopaedia Britannica. 1973. 4, 721. 14. The drama Sir Thomas More survived as a manuscript written mostly in a manus identifiable as that of Anthony Munday, come uping in 1727 in the ownership of one Alexander Murray and his frequenter, the 2nd Earl of Oxford ( of the Harley creative activity ) . 15. Sir Thomas More. Attributed to Anthony Munday. Eds. V. Gabrieli and G. Melchiori. 1990. 12-16. 16. The Diary of Henry Machyn. 1565. Ed. J.G. Nichols. London, 1848.

Festivals and Special Events Planning †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.How Events and Event Tourism Interact with Regional Economic Development? 2.How Events and Event Tourism interact with Regional Social/Cultural Development? 3.How Events and Event Tourism interact with Regional Environmental Development? Answers: Introduction An event can be described as a public assembly of people for a specific purpose. The events industry mainly encompasses three sectors which include sports, meetings/expos/conference (business), and cultural/arts/music. It is also worth noting that events may be staged for other reasons other than monetary gains (Wilkinson, 2008 p 32). Some of the notable reasons or causes for events are commercial, entertainment, or celebratory. Events are organized by governments, businesses, media and advertising, professional associations, NGOs, community, sporting leagues, educational institutions, special interest groups, and so forth. Additionally, events may be held in various places; they may either be held indoors (boardrooms, stadiums, arenas, venues, theatres, purpose halls, marquees) or outdoors (sporting fields, beaches, green fields, on water, deserts). Therefore, this essay will focus on the events industry in an attempt to address the question why the industry is an appropriate and ef fective vehicle for the environmental, social, cultural, and economic advancement of a certain region or city. A Brief History of Events Over the years, the events industry continues to gain more and more milestones. From some of the earliest events organized in the 19th century, including the Great Exhibition, to the more recent music festivals, the events industry has enormously developed to boost the nations economy. Carnivals and festivals, for instance, have revolutionized over time to become what they are today. Many cultures organize carnivalesque types of events including harvest celebrations, festivals, and market fairs. Additionally, the ancient Romans staged the Leupercalia which denotes a circus-like event, but not entirely. Taking a look at the history of sports events, it is important to note that sporting changes and events are impacted by political, social, and economic realities at the time. There exist some artifacts which link the Chinese people to sporting events from as early as 4000BC. Also, in ancient Egypt, monuments to the Pharaohs are an excellent indicator that the early people engaged in ac tivities such as fishing, wrestling, swimming, javelin, and high jump. Notably, these events were regulated and well-developed by the governments of the time. The ancient Romans also participated in various athletic events which include Colosseum gladiator fights, wrestling, running, handball, and chariot racing. It is also worth noting that Olympic Games originated from Greece in 776 BC. The first games were held as a result of the organization of the games into festivals celebrated once in every four years following a peace treaty between the city-states of Pisa and Elis. Various Types and Sectors of Events A grouping system of events is important for the creation of an events strategy and in comprehending the event portfolios and feasibility of future or upcoming events. Notably, many of the modern classification systems have often been described as pragmatic and single purpose. The widest and in-depth attempt to classify events was conducted by theEvent Management Body of Knowledge having studied Julia Silvers work. Silver classified events into corporate and business, fundraising and cause-related, exhibitions, expositions and fairs, entertainment and leisure, festivals, civic and government, marketing, sports, social or life-cycle events, and conventions and meeting events. Business and corporate events refer to any undertaking that supports business related objectives such as marketing training, incentives, managerial functions, business communications, and so forth. Fundraising and cause-related events describe activities organized for a cause-related or charitable group to genera te revenue or support; it may be a collaboration with other events or scheduled alone. Exhibitions and fairs are events which convene sellers, buyers, and any interested parties to sell, buy or view services and products. Again, this may either be a collaboration with other events or scheduled alone. Leisure and entertainments events are periodic or occurring once, ticketed or free exhibition or performance event organized for various purposes with the major one being entertainment. Also, this may take place in conjunction with multiple events or alone. Festivals are cultural celebrations which are classified broadly as either religious or secular. They are organized for or/ and by the community/public. Civic and government events are organized by or composed of national or municipal government quarters and political parties. Marketing events mainly focus on commerce activities aimed at facilitating the interaction of sellers and buyers or to promote awareness of a certain product o r service. Convention and meeting events refer to an assembly of people for the reasons of education, exchanging information, decisions or consensus, debates, and so on. Social or life-cycle events are private gatherings by invitation only aimed at celebrating a religious, cultural, life cycle, communal, or societal event. Finally, a sports event may be participatory or spectator occasion entailing competitive or recreational sporting events. The significance of the Event Industry in Contemporary Society Notably, big events serve to create an international image and thus attract more internal and foreign investments. As such, the economy of the host nation grows tremendously. More often, countries hosting events, promote their image, attract more tourists, and enhance the development of the urban areas. Modern mega-events, for instance, present a rare chance to grow and develop major cities (Dwyer, Forsyth, and Spurr, 2006 p. 207). The 1992 Olympic Games regenerated Barcelona city and positioned it as one of Spains major tourist attraction. Also important to note is that events have the ability to expand the tourism seasons, launch new seasons, or lengthen peak seasons. 1. The economic impact of an event on a region is the net sum of the economic consequences of all of the cash inflows and outflows that occur because of an event (Hassan McCulloch, 2007 P. 176). In essence, events are associated with visitors and investments, and thus the local people secure jobs and the economy of the region or city grows. Mega sporting events, for instance, the 2006 FIFA World Cup held in Germany, are likely to not only benefits those directly involved, but also those working in the construction, tourism, and retail industry. Other tangible benefits of staging events include raised property values, business development, tourism promotion, and the emergence of new businesses (Rivera, Croes, and Semrad, 2014 p. 88). At the same time, events may be associated with various negative impacts. First, local services and products may become considerably expensive as tourists are ready to pay more. In other cases, stores choose to stock good primarily for tourists and forge t about the products which are essential to the locals (Yeoman, Robertson, Ali-Knight, Drummond, and McMahon-Beattie, 2012 p 457). For instance, the Olympic Games result in major challenges with real-estate and housing markets as promoters have fully booked rooms for the athletes. Additionally, an influx of tourists bring in traffic congestion, crowning, and the normal life of the locals is interrupted (Preston, 2012 p 235). 2. Besides the economic impacts, events are also known to revive the social and cultural life of the host people, establish a sense of identity, initiate a sense of pride, and enhance community participation (Getz, 2014 p.198). For instance, following the Barcelona Olympic Games, the local community was noted to exhibit increased interest in active sports. On the other side, events are associated with multiple negative impacts as discussed in this essay. A series of antisocial activities, prostitution, congestion, crime, and interference with community life have been linked to events and tourism events. Taking a look at Americas Cup defense, for instance, it was reported that the number of arrests due to antisocial behaviors had increased by 36% (Robertson and Frew, 2013 p 67). Additionally, political agendas have sparked demonstrations and boycotts as seen in the 1981 Springbok rugby tour in New Zealand. The 1972 and 1996 Olympics were also marked by terrorist attacks. 3. Environmental impacts are also experienced as a consequence of taking part in or hosting events. Some of the notable impacts include noise and littering, water waste and huge usage, vandalism, traffic congestion, and parking (Mair and Whitford, 2013 p 30). The negative impacts of events are seen when the level of visitor use is greater than the environment's ability to cope with this use within the acceptable limits of change (David, 2009, p. 74). Uncontrolled undertakings put host nations into considerable threats including land degradation, a rise in pollution, discharge into soils, and so forth. As a result of pollution following the Sziget Festival, the Clean Air Action Group created more mobile toilets and adopted automatic volume control systems to cope with the situation. Conclusion As noted from this essay, an event can be described as a public assembly of people for a specific purpose. Additionally, the events industry continues to gain more and more milestones as years pass by. Some of the earliest events were organized as early as in the 19th century. The various economic, social and cultural, and environmental impacts of events including the multiple types of events have also been discusses in this essay. Bibliography David, L., 2009. Events and Tourism: An Environmental Approach and Impact Assessment. Journal of Tourism, Challenges and Trends, 2(2), pp.66-75. Dwyer, L., Forsyth, P., and Spurr, R., 2006. The economic impact of sports events: A Reassessment. Tourism Review International, 10(4), pp.207-216. Getz, D., 2014. Event studies. In The Routledge handbook of events (pp. 45-64). Routledge. Hassan, D., McCulloch, D. (2007). An Economic Impact Study of Round 15 of the World Rally Championship 2007: Rally Ireland. Mair, J. and Whitford, M., 2013. An exploration of events research: event topics, themes, and emerging trends. International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 4(1), pp.6-30. Preston, C., 2012. Event marketing: How to Successfully Promote Events, Festivals, Conventions, and Expositions. Wiley. Rivera, M.A., Croes, R.R. and Semrad, K.J., 2014. The Curaao North Sea Jazz: A Lustrum Churning Economic and Promotional Opportunities for Curaao. Robertson, M. and Frew, E. eds., 2013. Events and festivals: Current Trends and Issues. Routledge. Wilkinson, J., 2008. A World Game: Events and Tourism in NSW. NSW Parliamentary Library. Yeoman, I., Robertson, M., Ali-Knight, J., Drummond, S. and McMahon-Beattie, U. eds., 2012. Festival and Events Management. Routledge.